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- The body of law that defines the public
- wrongs (crimes) that are punishable by the
- state and establishes methods of prosecution
- and punishment. It is distinct from civil
- law, which deals with legal relationships
- between individuals (including
- organizations), such as contract law. The
- laws of each country specify what actions or
- omissions are criminal. These include serious
- moral wrongs, such as murder; wrongs that
- endanger the security of the state, such as
- treason; wrongs that disrupt an orderly
- society, such as evading taxes; and wrongs
- against the community, such as dropping
- litter. An action may be considered a crime
- in one country but not in others, such as
- homosexuality or drinking alcohol. Some
- actions, such as assault, are both criminal
- and civil wrongs; the offender can be both
- prosecuted and sued for compensation. In
- England and Wales crimes are either:
- indictable offences (serious offences triable
- by judge and jury in the Crown Court);
- summary offences dealt with in magistrates'
- courts; or hybrid offences tried in either
- kind of court according to the seriousness of
- the case and the wishes of the defendant. The
- Crown Court has power to punish those found
- guilty more severely than magistrates'
- courts. Punishments include imprisonment,
- fines, suspended terms of imprisonment (which
- only come into operation if the offender is
- guilty of further offences during a specified
- period), probation, and community service.
- Overcrowding in prisons, and the cost of
- imprisonment have led to recent experiments
- with non-custodial sentences such as
- electronic tags fixed to the body, and human
- trackers to monitor and control the movements
- of convicted criminals in the community.
- Criminal offenses are either felonies or
- misdemeanors. Felonies are more likely to
- require a formal charge, called an
- indictment, by a grand jury. Punishments
- include imprisonment, fines, suspended terms
- of imprisonment, probation, and community
- service.
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